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Looking for a handy Numeric Character Reference (NCR) listing? Look no further than this excerpt from Jennifer Niederst Robbins' HTML & CSS Pocket Reference. Do you need to know your soft hypen from your en dash? It's in there. Greek capital sigma from an N-ary summation? It's got it. Quotation mark from a Double prime? Yes!
HTML and XHTML documents use the standard 7-bit ASCII character
set in their source. The first 31 characters in ASCII (not listed) are
such device controls as backspace () and carriage return ( ) and are not appropriate for use in
HTML documents.
HTML 4.01 defines only four entities in this character range—less
than (<,<), greater than (<, >), ampersand (&, &), and quotation mark (", ")—that are necessary for escaping
characters that may be interpreted as markup. XHTML also includes the
' entity that is included in
every XML language. In XHTML documents, the ampersand symbol (&) must always be escaped in attribute
values. For better compatibility with XML parsers, authors should use
numerical character references instead of named character references for
all other character entities.
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Space | ||
| ! | Exclamation point | |
|
| " | Quotation mark |
| # | Octothorpe | |
| {:content:}lt;/p> | Dollar symbol | |
| % | Percent symbol | |
|
| & | Ampersand |
|
| ' | Apostrophe (single quote) |
| ( | Left parenthesis | |
| ) | Right parenthesis | |
| * | Asterisk | |
| + | Plus sign | |
| , | Comma | |
| - | Hyphen | |
| . | Period | |
| / | Slash | |
| 0–9 | Digits 0–9 | |
| : | Colon | |
| ; | Semicolon | |
|
| < | Less than |
| = | Equals sign | |
|
| > | Greater than |
| ? | Question mark | |
| @ | Commercial at sign | |
| A–Z | Letters A–Z | |
| [ | Left square bracket | |
| \ | Backslash | |
| ] | Right square bracket | |
| ^ | Caret | |
| _ | Underscore | |
| ` | Grave accent (no letter) | |
| a–z | Letters a–z | |
| { | Left curly brace | |
| | | Vertical bar | |
| } | Right curly brace | |
| ~ | Tilde |
The character references numbered 130 through 159 are not defined in HTML and therefore are invalid characters that should be avoided.
Some nonstandard numerical entities in this range are supported by
browsers (such as &151; for an em
dash); however, they all have standard equivalents (listed in the the section called “General Punctuation” section). If you need an em dash, use
&8212; or — instead.
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| Nonbreaking space | |
|
| ¡ | Inverted exclamation mark |
|
| ¢ | Cent sign |
|
| £ | Pound symbol |
|
| ¤ | General currency symbol |
|
| ¥ | Yen symbol |
|
| ¦ | Broken vertical bar |
|
| § | Section sign |
|
| ¨ | Umlaut |
|
| Copyright | |
|
| ª | Feminine ordinal |
|
| « | Left angle quote |
|
| ¬ | Not sign |
|
| - | Soft hyphen |
|
| Registered trademark | |
|
| ¯ | Macron accent |
|
| ° | Degree sign |
|
| ± | Plus or minus |
|
| 2 | Superscript 2 |
|
| 3 | Superscript 3 |
|
| ´ | Acute accent (no letter) |
|
| µ | Micron (Greek mu) |
|
| ¶ | Paragraph sign |
|
| · | Middle dot |
|
| ¸ | Cedilla |
|
| 1 | Superscript 1 |
|
| º | Masculine ordinal |
|
| » | Right angle quote |
|
| ¼ | Fraction one-fourth |
|
| ½ | Fraction one-half |
|
| ¾ | Fraction three-fourths |
|
| ¿ | Inverted question mark |
|
| À | Capital A, grave accent |
|
| Á | Capital A, acute accent |
|
| Â | Capital A, circumflex accent |
|
| Ã | Capital A, tilde accent |
|
| Ä | Capital A, umlaut |
|
| Å | Capital A, ring |
|
| Æ | Capital AE ligature |
|
| Ç | Capital C, cedilla |
|
| È | Capital E, grave accent |
|
| É | Capital E, acute accent |
|
| Ê | Capital E, circumflex accent |
|
| Ë | Capital E, umlaut |
|
| Ì | Capital I, grave accent |
|
| Í | Capital I, acute accent |
|
| Î | Capital I, circumflex accent |
|
| Ï | Capital I, umlaut |
|
| Ð | Capital eth, Icelandic |
|
| Ñ | Capital N, tilde |
|
| Ò | Capital O, grave accent |
|
| Ó | Capital O, acute accent |
|
| Ô | Capital O, circumflex accent |
|
| Õ | Capital O, tilde accent |
|
| Ö | Capital O, umlaut |
|
| × | Multiplication sign |
|
| Ø | Capital O, slash |
|
| Ù | Capital U, grave accent |
|
| Ú | Capital U, acute accent |
|
| Û | Capital U, circumflex accent |
|
| Ü | Capital U, umlaut |
|
| Ý | Capital Y, acute accent |
|
| Þ | Capital Thorn, Icelandic |
|
| ß | Small sz ligature, German |
|
| à | Small a, grave accent |
|
| á | Small a, acute accent |
|
| â | Small a, circumflex accent |
|
| ã | Small a, tilde |
|
| ä | Small a, umlaut |
|
| å | Small a, ring |
|
| æ | Small ae ligature |
|
| ç | Small c, cedilla |
|
| è | Small e, grave accent |
|
| é | Small e, acute accent |
|
| ê | Small e, circumflex accent |
|
| ë | Small e, umlaut |
|
| ì | Small i, grave accent |
|
| í | Small i, acute accent |
|
| î | Small i, circumflex accent |
|
| ï | Small i, umlaut |
|
| ð | Small eth, Icelandic |
|
| ñ | Small n, tilde |
|
| ò | Small o, grave accent |
|
| ó | Small o, acute accent |
|
| ô | Small o, circumflex accent |
|
| õ | Small o, tilde |
|
| ö | Small o, umlaut |
|
| ÷ | Division sign |
|
| ø | Small o, slash |
|
| ù | Small u, grave accent |
|
| ú | Small u, acute accent |
|
| û | Small u, circumflex accent |
|
| ü | Small u, umlaut |
|
| ý | Small y, acute accent |
|
| þ | Small thorn, Icelandic |
|
| ÿ |
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Α | Greek capital alpha | ||
|
| Β | Greek capital beta |
|
| Γ | Greek capital gamma |
|
| Δ | Greek capital delta |
|
| Ε | Greek capital epsilon |
|
| Ζ | Greek capital zeta |
|
| Η | Greek capital eta |
|
| Θ | Greek capital theta |
|
| Ι | Greek capital iota |
|
| Κ | Greek capital kappa |
|
| Λ | Greek capital lambda |
|
| Μ | Greek capital mu |
|
| Ν | Greek capital nu |
|
| Ξ | Greek capital xi |
|
| Ο | Greek capital omicron |
|
| Π | Greek capital pi |
|
| Ρ | Greek capital rho |
|
| Σ | Greek capital sigma |
|
| Τ | Greek capital tau |
|
| Υ | Greek capital upsilon |
|
| Φ | Greek capital phi |
|
| Χ | Greek capital chi |
|
| Ψ | Greek capital psi |
|
| Ω | Greek capital omega |
|
| α | Greek small alpha |
|
| β | Greek small beta |
|
| γ | Greek small gamma |
|
| δ | Greek small delta |
|
| ε | Greek small epsilon |
|
| ζ | Greek small zeta |
|
| η | Greek small eta |
|
| θ | Greek small theta |
|
| ι | Greek small iota |
|
| κ | Greek small kappa |
|
| λ | Greek small lambda |
|
| μ | Greek small mu |
|
| ν | Greek small nu |
|
| ξ | Greek small xi |
|
| ο | Greek small omicron |
|
| π | Greek small pi |
|
| ρ | Greek small rho |
|
| ς | Greek small letter final sigma |
|
| σ | Greek small sigma |
|
| τ | Greek small tau |
|
| υ | Greek small upsilon |
|
| φ | Greek small phi |
|
| χ | Greek small chi |
|
| ψ | Greek small psi |
|
| ω | Greek small omega |
|
| ϑ | Greek small theta symbol |
|
| ϒ | Greek upsilon with hook |
|
| ϖ | Greek pi symbol |
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
En space | |||
|
| Em space | |
|
| Thin space | |
|
| Nonprinting | Zero-width nonjoiner |
|
| Nonprinting | Zero-width joiner |
|
| Nonprinting | Left-to-right mark |
|
| Nonprinting | Right-to-left mark |
|
| ||
|
| ||
|
| ‘ | Left single quotation mark |
|
| ’ | Right single quotation mark |
|
| ‚ | Single low-9 quotation mark |
|
| ||
|
| ||
|
| „ | Double low-9 quotation mark |
|
| † | Dagger |
|
| ‡ | Double dagger |
|
| • | Bullet |
|
| ||
|
| ‰ | Per mille symbol (per thousand) |
|
| ′ | Prime, minutes, feet |
|
| ″ | Double prime, seconds, inches |
|
| ‹ | Single left angle quotation (nonstandard) |
|
| › | Single right angle quotation (nonstandard) |
|
| ‾ | Overline |
|
| / | Fraction slash |
|
| € | Euro symbol |
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
← | Left arrow | ||
|
| ↑ | Up arrow |
|
| → | Right arrow |
|
| ↓ | Down arrow |
|
| ↔ | Left-right arrow |
|
| ↵ | Down arrow with corner leftward |
|
| ⇐ | Leftward double arrow |
|
| ⇑ | Upward double arrow |
|
| ⇒ | Rightward double arrow |
|
| ⇓ | Downward double arrow |
|
| ⇔ | Left-right double arrow |
Decimal | Entity | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
For all | |||
|
| ∂ | Partial differential |
|
| ∃ | There exists |
|
| ∅ | Empty set, null set, diameter |
|
| ∇ | Nabla, backward difference |
|
| ∈ | Element of |
|
| ∉ | Not an element of |
|
| ∋ | Contains as a member |
|
| ∏ | N-ary product, product sign |
|
| ∑ | N-ary summation |
|
| − | Minus sign |
|
| * | Asterisk operator |
|
| √ | Square root, radical sign |
|
| ∝ | Proportional |
|
| ∞ | Infinity symbol |
|
| ∠ | Angle |
|
| ∧ | Logical and, wedge |
|
| ∨ | Logical or, vee |
|
| ∩ | Intersection, cap |
|
| ∪ | Union, cup |
|
| ∫ | Integral |
|
| ∴ | Therefore |
|
| ~ | Tilde operator, varies with, similar to |
|
| ≅ | Approximately equal to |
|
| ≈ | Almost equal to, asymptotic to |
|
| ≠ | Not equal to |
|
| ≡ | Identical to |
|
| ≤ | Less than or equal to |
|
| ≥ | Greater than or equal to |
|
| ⊂ | Subset of |
|
| ⊃ | Superset of |
|
| ⊄ | Not a subset of |
|
| ⊆ | Subset of or equal to |
|
| ⊇ | Superset of or equal to |
|
| ⊕ | Circled plus, direct sum |
|
| ⊗ | Circled times, vector product |
|
| ⊥ | Up tack, orthogonal to, perpendicular |
|
| ⋅ | Dot operator |
